How can prolonged hypophosphatemia affect the central nervous system?

Prolonged hypophosphatemia can lead to significant disruptions in cellular function, particularly in the central nervous system, because phosphorus plays a crucial role in energy metabolism and neuronal function. When phosphorus levels are low, the supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the energy currency of the cell, is compromised. This can result in cellular dysfunction, particularly in cells with high energy demands, such as neurons.

As a consequence, the central nervous system can experience a depressed mental status and confusion. This is because neuronal activity is diminished, affecting cognitive processes and overall brain function. Symptoms may also include weakness, irritability, and in severe cases, seizures or coma, as the brain fails to maintain adequate function in the face of energy deficits caused by low phosphorus levels. Therefore, the link between hypophosphatemia and cognitive impairment highlights the importance of maintaining normal phosphorus levels for optimal central nervous system function.