Which dietary restrictions are common for patients on a renal diet?

The correct choice identifies dietary restrictions essential for patients on a renal diet, which typically include limiting sodium (Na), potassium (K), phosphorus (Phos), and fluid intake. These restrictions are crucial due to the kidneys' impaired ability to filter out excess minerals and fluids, which can lead to various complications, including hypertension, hyperkalemia, and fluid overload.

Sodium restriction is important to help control blood pressure and reduce the risk of heart failure. High levels of potassium can cause dangerous cardiac arrhythmias, so monitoring and limiting potassium intake is vital. Phosphorus can build up in the blood when kidney function declines, leading to complications such as bone disease; therefore, it must be restricted as well. Fluid intake is monitored closely to prevent fluid overload, which can result in swelling, increased blood pressure, and difficulty breathing.

In contrast, the other choices suggest dietary modifications that do not align with common renal diet guidelines. Increasing protein, sodium, and potassium would be detrimental for these patients as their kidneys struggle to process and excrete these substances. Limiting carbohydrates and fats does not specifically address the needs of renal patients and their particular electrolyte imbalances. While some patients may need to avoid certain dairy products due to phosphorus content, completely eliminating all dairy